European Union Law, Final Referred Course Work Essay

European Union Law, Final Referred Course Work - Essay Example However, Article 230 names the Member States, the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission as privileged applicants, who have the right to attack any act. It further names the Court of Auditors and the European Central Bank as institutions who may invoke Article 230 as a matter of course but only to protect their own prerogative powers. All other persons are termed non-privileged applicants. The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the Community approach to determining locus standi of individuals as non-privileged applicants against to challenge the validity of Regulations in particular. As mentioned above, the Article 230 method of challenge hinges on the Community act being amenable to review. In the case of Parti Ecologiste ‘Les Verts V. Parliament2 it was held that â€Å"Article 230 (ex173) †¦ makes a direct action available against â€Å"all measures adopted by institutions†¦ which are intended to have legal effects†3. Furthermore, the relevant piece of Community legislation must have legal effects and satisfy the requirement of being a â€Å"reviewable act† to be amenable to challenge under Article 230. For example, in the case of Cimenteries v Commission4 it was reiterated that measures which create legal effects are subject to review under Article 230. Additionally, in the case of Parliament v Council5 it was held that an act must be implemented by one of the Community institutions in order to be amenable to review under Article 230. Moreover, in the case of Commission v BASF6 it was held that â€Å"acts tainted by an irregularity whose gravity is so obvious that it cannot be tolerated by the Community legal order†7 will be subject to review under Article 230. Any party seeking a review under Article 230 must have locus standi and national governments will have privileged application locus standi and can challenge any measures adopted by

The role of SCADA in Distribution Management Systems Research Paper

The role of SCADA in Distribution Management Systems - Research Paper Example This paper entails an investigation of the role of SCADA in Distribution Management System (DMS) with regard to the way distribution companies are moving more and more to completely automate the supervision and control of substations. The Al Ain Distribution Company (AADC) has been known to be highly advanced in the area. Generally, effective distribution network operations give way to better management of power flow throughout a given network as well as optimal sources and loads utilization. DMS system is essential is essential in ensuring effectiveness of distribution system operations through the enhancement of routine monitoring of networks, location of faults and their restoration, as well as facilitating the planning of network requirements besides establishing the foundation for future initiatives. Organizations with SCADA are definitely understood as having computerized systems that allows whatever is happening in other locations outside the organizations to be managed without having to be physically present. Only distributed communication/signal is used. In many case, the automated system signals the central management on anything wrong or regarding any changes in the distant projects being controlled from a centralized location. It does this by utilizing its capacity and technological capability to control a large number of devices simultaneously. Most of the distribution systems and their respective utilities within organizations make use of information technology solutions through outage management systems (OMSs). The OMSs on the other hand use other systems such as Customer information System, Geographical Information System, and Interactive Voice Response Systems. OMSs make use of a network connectivity model or component of the existing distribution system. With the combination of the outage calls locations with the location knowledge of the control device on the